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Lesson 2 The Letters
1.1 Consonant Listen. Practice repeating the sounds – as long as you need.
1.2 Pronunciation 1.3 A peculiar phonetic pattern
You might have noticed that the letters <க, த, ச> have a different phonetic value. They are voiced like /g,d,j/ in these words – indicating a unique phonetic feature of Tamil. Reading Practice
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தடம் | சந்தனம் | மதம் |
சத்தம் |
track | sandalwood | religion | noise |
The English letter <t> cannot represent both the dental sound <த>/ṱ / and the retroflex sound of <ட>/ṭ/. We need to differentiate them. For our purpose we are adopting a practical solution from now on. Thus <த> is <t> and <ட> is <T>
The Tamil letter <க> is /k/in the beginning of a word [கமலம்] /kamalam/’lotus’.
If it is duplicated it is pronounced /kk// as in [பக்கம்] /pakkam/’side’.
After the dental nasal <ங்> it is pronounced /g/as in [தங்கம்] /tangam/’gold’.
Between two vowelsit sounds like a spirant and the phonetic notation is /x/ as in [மகன்] /maxan/’son’. It is the same sound as /ch/ in German as in Munich or the sound of /kh/ in Urdu as in ‘Khan’ (Hindi ख़).
Listen to the pronunciation of the words.
கப்பல் | தங்கம் | சக்கரம் |
மகன் |
ship | gold | wheel | son |
The Tamil letter <ச> is pronounced as /s/ in the beginning of a wordas in [சதம்] /sađam/’hundred’ and between vowels / as in [ரசம்] /rasam/ ’soup’.
It is /j/ after <ஞ்> in the middle of a word, as in [மஞ்சம்] /manjam/ ’bedstead’.
If it is duplicated it is /čč// as in [கச்சம்] /kaccam/’fold in dress’. Please do not confuse it with the pronunciation of <c> as in ‘car’.
Listen to the pronunciation of the words.
சமயம் | கலசம் | பஞ்சம் |
தச்சன் |
time | metal pot | famine | carpenter |
2.3 Reading words
Listen to the pronunciation of the following words and repeat. You can repeat practicing the words till you are able to read the word. Choose a word and read it. For reinforcement you can listen to the pronunciation again.
Initial sounds /k/, /t/ and /s/.
Medial sounds /x, /đ/ /s//ß/ and /D/
Geminate sounds /kk/, /pp/, /tt/, /TT/, /cc/
Post nasal sounds /b/, /g, /d/ and /j/.
Initial voiced sounds /g/, /d/, /b/ and /D/ in the case of ‘foreign’/Sanskrit/ new words
3.1 Recognition
3.1.1 Letter Recognition
Press the letter pronounced. Once you finish you can start the list all over.
Listen to a word, recognize the first sound of the word and punch it.
நகல் | ||||||
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Now listen to the last letter of the word, recognize the sound and punch it.
பாடகர் | ||||
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3.2 Matching
Listen to the pairs of words. If both words pronounced are similar press ‘same’; if not press ‘different’.
Same | Different | ||
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4.1 Spelling and Pronunciation
We discussed earlier that sounds /d/ or /g/ do not occur at the beginning of a word in Tamil. However, in the case of loan words such as damḍi (Hindi), da:nam (Sanskrit da:nam), du:ram (Sanskrit du:ram) and desam (Sanskrit dešam) the original sound is retained. We show them by bold letters wherever necessary.
In the case of loan words such as go:l (goal), ge:t (gate), Gandhi, , ga:nam (Sanskrit ga:nam) and a:gra: (Agra) the original sound is retained. We show them by bold letters.
Tamil does not have letters for these sounds. So, in order to differentiate between contrasts in the same context such as பாவம் (expression) பாவம (vice) the voiced sound is shown in bold letters. We shall adopt the same technique to indicate voiced stops wherever necessary.
4.1.1 A spelling problem
Please note that only <ந>occurs in the beginning of a word and<ந்> before <த>; <ன> occurs between vowels and at the end of a word.
நகம் |
நல்ல் |
நரகம் |
மனம் |
கனல் |
மன்னன் |
சன்னல் | பலன் |
finger nail |
good |
hell |
mind |
heat |
king |
window | result |
4.1.2 Use of /ch/ within a word
If <ட்> is followed by <ச> then <ச> is pronounced as /c/ and not /s/.
லட்சம்/laTcam/ a lakh, hundred thousand. பட்சம் /paTcham/ event, case
4.2 Perception of Expressions
Click icon to listen to a phrase and say which one of the four is pronounced by pressing it.
4.2.1 Pattern 1
கந்தன் தந்த பம்பரம் the top that Kandan gave
சங்கரன் தந்த பட்டம் | தரகன் தந்த கடன் | மரகதம் தந்த கம்மல் | கமலம் தந்த பம்பரம் | |
The kite Sankaran gave | The loan the broker gave | The loan the broker gave | The top Kamalam gave | |
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4.2.2 Pattern 2
கமலம் வந்த சமயம் the time Kamalam came
கவர்னர்வந்த சமயம் |
The time the governor came |
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கடன் தந்த சமயம் |
The time the loan was given |
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கந்தன் வந்த சமயம் | The time Kandan came | |
கமலம் தந்த சமயம் | The time Kamalam gave |
4.3 Perception of Expressions
Read the following expressions. You may listen to the pronunciation of the sentences when necessary. Practice till you are able to read fluently.
5.1 Letter Formation
See how the letters are written. You will learn to write them in your PDF. Go to 5.2
5.2 Copying
5.2.1 Copy the letters
Print the page and copy the words you hear. If you need to do the Writing Practice again exit the program and print another PDF |
5.2.2 Copying words
Try to get the pronunciation as you write. You can listen to the word many times. When ready to write you can see the word many times by pressing the Show Hint button.
You should get a mental image of the whole word and write it from memory. Do not copy letter by letter.
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5.3 Word formation
Listen to the pronunciation of the word, press the appropriate letters to form that word. You can listen to or see the word many times.
5.4 Dictation
Listen to the words and write in the page. You can listen to or see the word many times.
After writing your word press Show Hint once more for reinforcement.
ரகம் | |||
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Structure
கமலம் தந்த கம்மல் – The earring Kamalam gave. Note that the name of women generally end in <ம்>
Based on this structure read the possible phrases from the table and write 10-12 expressions from memory.
கவர் cover கலசம்pot தங்கம்gold கடன்loan லஞ்சம் bribe
Person who gives |
தந்த | Object given
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சம்பந்தன் | கவர் | |
கந்தப்பன் | கலசம் | |
சங்கரன் | படம் | |
கமலம் | தங்கம் | |
மரகதம் | கடன் | |
பங்கசம் | லஞ்சம் |
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